Find out how much of a process AI can take on — and what stays with a person.

The Process Mining Manifesto asks analysts to work under an "open world assumption": "the fact that something did not happen does not mean that it cannot happen".

• Quality levels. At the middle level, events are recorded automatically but not systematically, as in ERP tables, CRM event logs and messaging transaction logs: a record to start from. One level down, people can bypass the information system. For the two lowest levels, the Task Force calls results "not trustworthy".
• Challenge C1. Event data may be incomplete: events may not point to the case they belong to, which can often be derived, with considerable effort. One log can mix levels of granularity, and outliers ("noise") may be cleaned away.
• Challenge C2. Of two logs of about ten thousand events, one with a hundred cases, each on a unique path, is "much more difficult to analyze" than one with a thousand similar cases. Variety is a difficulty separate from volume.

The BPI Challenge 2019 page from the International Conference on Process Mining (ICPM) describes a real purchase-to-pay event log: 1,595,923 events across 42 activities, performed by 627 users, of whom 607 are human and 20 are batch users. Sometimes no user was recorded. One unblocking step can be done "by a user, or by a batch process at regular intervals". The data holds roughly four types of flow for line items, and the page warns the complexity "goes further". The case ID combines the purchase document and the purchase item.

Google's Rules of Machine Learning (last updated 25 August 2025) open with "Rule #1: Don’t be afraid to launch a product without machine learning." Rule #2: design and implement metrics first, tracking as much as you can in your current system. Rule #3: a simple heuristic gets a product out the door, a complex one is unmaintainable, and machine learning comes once you have data.

NPCI, set up by the RBI and the Indian Banks’ Association to run retail payments and settlement in India, publishes a UPI Deemed Approved percentage: the share of transactions where credit confirmation from the beneficiary bank is not received online. NPCI adds that if the beneficiary account is not credited online, the beneficiary bank processes the transaction manually under RBI guidelines. For August 2026, NPCI's Top 50 Member Performance shows 0.00% to 0.76% across the top fifty beneficiary banks.

Each rule binds only the entity it names.

Digital Payments – E-mandate Framework, 2026 (RBI/DPSS/2026-27/396, April 21, 2026), for payment system providers and participants processing recurring transactions, domestic or cross-border, on cards, PPI or UPI. It repeals the earlier e-mandate circulars.

• 8(a), 8(b): an additional factor of authentication (AFA) above ₹15,000 per transaction, or ₹1,00,000 for insurance premiums, mutual funds and credit card bills.
• 4(a), 4(e), 5(a): AFA at registration, AFA validated by the issuer at any change to or withdrawal of a mandate, and AFA on the first transaction, whatever the amount.

Commercial Banks – Know Your Customer Directions, 2025 (RBI/DOR/2025-26/169, November 28, 2025, updated December 29, 2025), for commercial banks. Paragraph 27 applies only where a bank opts to undertake V-CIP:

• 27(1)(vi), 27(2)(i): the bank may use AI to keep V-CIP robust, but only specially trained bank officials may operate it, under a clear workflow and standard operating procedure.
• 27(2)(xv), 27(3)(ii): accounts go live only after concurrent audit, and the activity log keeps the official's credentials.

Paragraph 23, second proviso, applies to every commercial bank, but only for the e-KYC exceptions it describes: where e-KYC fails for a benefit or subsidy claimant under section 7 of the Aadhaar Act, 2016, through injury, illness or old age, an official carries out due diligence using offline verification or another officially valid document. The case joins the concurrent audit (paragraphs 12 and 13) and a centralised exception database.

RBI/2019-20/67, "Harmonisation of Turn Around Time (TAT) and customer compensation for failed transactions using authorised Payment Systems" (September 20, 2019, in effect October 15, 2019), for banks and other operators and system participants.

• A failed transaction includes failures not attributable to the customer, credits not made for lack of full or proper information, and delays in initiating a reversal. The turnaround time is the outer limit, and compensation is paid without waiting for a complaint or claim.
• UPI: where the beneficiary account can't be credited, the beneficiary bank must reverse the payment automatically by T + 1 day (T is the transaction day). A second type of UPI failure must be reversed within T + 5 days. Each deadline carries ₹100 compensation per day of delay beyond it.